Foster, N. Cook, K.
Barter-Godfrey, S., & Furneaux, S. (2011). Fractured multiculturalism:
Conflicting representations of Arab and Muslim Australians in Australian print
media. Media, Culture & Society,
33, 619-629. Doi:10.1177/0163443711399034
Nena Foster, an academic at the University of
East London, alongside some of Melbourne’s Deakin University academics, Kay
Cook, Sarah Barter-Godfrey and Samantha Furneaux, present four emerging
discourses drawn from extensive research (the manual filtering of over 100,000
articles on Factiva and NewsBank which include the words Arab, Muslim and
Islam), which outlines the common representation and portrayal of Arabs and
Muslims in Australian print media; ‘Arabs and Muslims are different’, ‘Muslims
are like us’, ‘I’m an Arab/Muslim, but...’, and ‘A threat from within’. The
study found many statements that place the Arab and Muslim communities in a
negative light, a significant amount of which are exemplified and cited. It was
concluded that the aforementioned discourses contribute to the social divisions
that exists between ethnic groups in Australia, and that Arabs and Muslims are
seen as the ‘out-group’ to Anglo-Australians (evident in all examples cited by
the authors). Thus, the authors argue that whilst Australia sees itself as an
accepting, non-discriminatory, multicultural country, the language used by the
media to identify what it means to be Arab or Muslim, assimilates xeno-racist
notions, contrary to ‘multiculturalism’. This is most evident today in recent
media coverage of the September Sydney Riots, sparked by the release of a low
budget anti-Islam film.
Tabbaa, M. (2012, September 19). He’s my brother – why angry Muslim
youth are protesting in Sydney. The Sydney
Morning Herald. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au
Few days
after the 2012 Sydney Riots, PhD candidate in Law and Criminology at the
University of Melbourne, Mohamad Tabbaa, extensively searches for the
underlying meaning of the youth revolting in Sydney. Tabbaa includes statements
made by Muslim leaders, apologizing for the behaviour of a small minority of
their community and wish it not to tarnish how Muslims are perceived in the
Australian media. The article is opinionated and Tabbaa makes unsupported
statements regarding the real motives behind the protests, arguing that the
youth are grieving for their ‘brothers and sisters’ (members of their Muslim
community, globally), who have lost their lives due to invasions made by the
USA. Tabbaa proceeds to accuse the Muslim leaders of not looking after their
youth (due to apologizing to the media), as they are “more intent on
representing the voice of an exclusive, overly image-conscious minority”
(Tabbaa, 2012). Whilst the author is confident and argues a colloquial and
opinionated representation of Muslims in Australia, the initial reason for
rioting (the anti-Islam video) is not mentioned, thus the author fails to
report the entire story, along with cited facts. Instead this article expresses
the unreliable generalizations made by the author, and reports only the
author’s opinion of the event. Whilst Tabbaa is supporting the Muslim
community, or more so the Muslim youth, he is unintentionally labeling them as
a group separate to that of Anglo-Australians, thus allowing room for ethnic
division. Tabbaa is persuasive and relies on the audience’s sympathy to
understand his viewpoint.
Islamic groups condemn
violent Sydney protests. (2012,
September 16). ABC News. Retrieved
from http://www.abc.net.au/news/
The ABC is
the author of this article, providing the public with riot statistics,
confirmed by the police, as well as the statements made by Mariam Vieszadeh, a
lawyer and Muslim community advocate, who spoke to the ABC about the behaviour
of fellow Muslims in the riots. The article’s emphasis is upon the outrage that
fellow Muslim community members have with the small minority who resorted to violent
riots, apprehensive that all Muslims in Australia will now be seen as violent
and earn an unpopular reputation in the community. The author included no
comments made by anyone outside the Muslim community, aside from police
statements and those made by Premier Barry O’Farrell – who simply stated the
riots were “unacceptable”. The ABC has reported this event in an unbiased
manner, by using the voice of a Muslim community member to advocate the
sincerest apologies from the Muslim community, in the hope that the majority is
not ‘tarred with the same brush’. The ABC have put the majority of the Muslim
community in a positive light, reassuring the Australian public that the
minority group is not one to judge and discriminate. Unlike Mohamad Tabbaa’s
article – opinionated and unsupported - the ABC have used accurate statistics
and written an unbiased report to inform readers of the Sydney Riots in a
considerate and indiscriminate way.
This article, written by Jessica Grewal of the Sunshine
Coast Daily – online publication, simply states the statistics of those who
have been arrested since the rioting, generic statements made by NSW Police
Commissioner, Andrew Scipione, Dawson MP George Christensen, and quotes taken
directly from The Australian Newspaper. The article shows little originality
and research and has a bias slant toward the wrongdoing of the Muslim
community. The author concludes with a quote from Christensen saying, “if any
of the violent protesters are non-citizens, they should be deported immediately”
(Grewal, 2012). The author puts the entirety of the Muslim community in a
negative light (clearly labeling them as the out-group), including no such
opinion or voice from the perspective of the Muslim community. Grewal has
simply taken quotes from other publications of an Anglo-Australian perspective.
It is hard to trust this source as reliable as information was not directly
sourced, and for an online piece, this publication had very little information.
It contained limited facts and a discriminatory bias, therefore the author
failed to report the event accurately and fairly. Similarly to Tabbaa’s
article, this piece was not extensively researched, and the majority of it was
put together with rash, unsupported and biased statements. Tabbaa and Grewal’s
articles both label (whether intentional or not) the in-group and out-group in
this matter, creating a definite ethical division. The ABC article was the only
article that maintained a fair and indiscriminate slant throughout the report.
REFERENCES
Foster, N. Cook, K. Barter-Godfrey, S.,
& Furneaux, S. (2011). Fractured multiculturalism: Conflicting
representations of Arab and Muslim Australians in Australian print media. Media, Culture & Society, 33,
619-629. Doi:10.1177/0163443711399034
Tabbaa, M. (2012, September 19). He’s my brother – why angry Muslim
youth are protesting in Sydney. The
Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au